What is the difference between learning and acquisition?

When we refer to learning versus acquisition in language study, we are distinguishing two different processes. Learning refers to the traditional, structured approach often found in language classes and courses. This involves translating, explicating grammar rules, and memorizing vocabulary — essentially, gaining conscious knowledge about the language. Acquisition, on the other hand, involves building subconscious language structures. This process allows us to intuitively grasp grammar and vocabulary usage, negating the need to consciously translate or think about grammar, sentence structure, word usage, or pronunciation. This distinction is critical. Memorized, consciously stored information from 'learning' is not conducive to fluid, spontaneous language understanding and production. Applying grammar rules and recalling definitions during live conversation is extremely mentally challenging. Language understanding and production, for the most part, is a subconscious process requiring an intuitive feeling for what "sounds right". This is why native speakers often struggle to explain their language's grammar rules. Consciously learning about a language can be a necessary crutch if you want to learn a language that has very few available learning resources. But if you have access to level-appropriate input, conscious study of the language can set you back considerably by getting in the way of the natural process of acquisition.